The house is part of the Palestinian story in that the owners were economically well off and had done well under the Mandate governments; it also enters the Jewish story, as the state tried to deal with the stream of immigrants from Europe and the Arab world by placing them in any available space. This was a time of social change and national conflict, but also of modernization and increasing public space with new sporting facilities, theatres, cafes and restaurants being built.. On a macro-level there was separation between communities, yet both mixed residences and mixed relations in the workplace remained.
The authors found that both Arabs and Jews tend to view pre daily realities through the prism of later events. Two shared spaces that the authors examined in detail were cinemas and soccer stadiums. Evidence revealed that there were two separate sets of leisure patterns that had limited overlap as movies were chosen and advertised to the groups differently due to language and cultural tastes.
As for football, the first documented match between an Arab and Jewish team was in By there were 70 Arab and Jewish teams nationwide. Press accounts provided information of the matches and showed how there was little reporting on inter-group contests and far more attention paid to intra-group matches. The authors also found that the s had the highest level of interaction, while by the s it was less common to see a match between the two groups. The authors also look at Israeli and Palestinian women in spaces of culture and leisure and investigate the question of whether the two groups mingled.
Cafes, beaches and restaurants were places attended by women and one can assume interaction would have taken place. Scouting through the Girl Guides of Palestine was one activity the authors looked at to support the increased presence of women and girls in public spaces. One chooses to engage in leisure activities and they are consequently more susceptible to social and political changes.
The authors also concluded that cultural and recreational life of the two groups ran parallel. Towards the end of the mandate, the groups became more distant and alienated. The economy and its improvement played a significant role in the development of Haifa into a major city and port. The article explores this through the edible oil and soap trade. The high price of the products, high acidity relative to other oils from the Mediterranean region and limited storage life kept the development and trade of the industry local.
As the city developed, production factors improved and there was a growth in volume and a change in the character of consumption. As the city developed, Arab families who ran the oil business moved to the city and laid new commercial infrastructure.
After World War I and the establishment of the British Mandate, the mandate government supported the Jewish National Home initiative and worked to develop the administrative infrastructure, which caused economic and social changes.
It was during this period that the Jewish-owned company Shemen opened a factory in Haifa, hiring only Jews. It is difficult to compare the Jewish and Palestinian oil industries. The imbalance in historiography is due to the traditional focus of Arab merchants on home-based production, trade and local consumption versus the large-scale Jewish industrial production and export that provided more evidence of activities.
As a result of British economic policies, Shemen was able to mitigate initial problems in the production, import and export of materials for the oil and soap trade, whereas Arabs were unable to participate.
For Palestinians, marked the end of their participation in the oil and soap economy, while Shemen continued. The article shows how mandate-era economic policies influenced the economic and social developments of the two communities in Haifa. The article looks at how the weather event resonates in the memories and narratives of the two groups.
Outstanding Climate Events OCE can become significant benchmarks in keeping time, and can affect wider cultural sensibilities and identities.
The authors used archival materials, literary pieces, newspaper articles and interviews with Israeli residents, Palestinian residents and refugees. The event was framed in three different ways. The first of which saw the event framed as a novelty and departure from expected patterns. The Jews viewed it as a memorable benign event, whereas the Palestinians were more subdued and the event was colored by the hardships of exile, such as poor shelter.
The second was adversity. Both sides characterized it as part of their struggle to survive as individuals and as a nation.
In the s and s the road network which linked up the various parts of Haifa was greatly improved and extended. The census recorded a population of 25, in Haifa, of whom more than 9, were Muslims, slightly fewer Christian Arabs, and more than 6, Jews.
According to the census, it contained 50, residents, including about 20, Muslims, 15, Jews, and about 14, Christians. By the number of inhabitants had grown to , of whom 66, were Jewish, 35, Muslim, 26, Christian, and 3, Bahais. At the end of the Mandate the Jews comprised nearly two-thirds of the population about , out of , On October 31, , the new port of Haifa, the first modern port in Palestine, was opened.
The Mandatory government chose this site because of its natural harbor and its proximity to important shipping lanes, to rail transport to the rest of Palestine and Egypt , and to the Hejaz railway to Jordan and Syria. Haifa was also the administrative center of the north. The completion of the large harbor in produced a great burst of prosperity and Haifa became the main and practically only port of international repute in Eretz Israel, taking precedence over Jaffa.
Haifa's economy was further strengthened by the completion in of the oil pipeline from Iraq to its Mediterranean terminus at Haifa and the large oil refineries near the city. At this time the port facilities encouraged many new industries, some of them the largest in the country textiles, glass, bricks, petroleum products, cement, metal, ceramics, etc.
Tension between the city's Arab and Jewish residents, in the Mandate period, however, impeded Haifa's development. The riots of —39 in particular adversely affected the city's economy and business dwindled between the conflicting sides as well as trade with Syria and Lebanon.
The Arab population, mainly concentrated in the lower city, obstructed the Jews on their way to the adjoining industrial areas and to the port and services adjacent to it marine shipping companies, banks, transport, insurance, etc.
Hadar ha-Carmel developed rapidly around the Technion , which was inaugurated in The Mandate authorities granted some municipal autonomy to the new Jewish quarter. The Jewish settlement in this period also climbed higher up the slope around Merkaz ha-Carmel, in the Auzzat Herbert Samuel quarter, and in Neveh Sha'anan. When the land in the Zebulun Valley on the coast of the bay was purchased in , the Zionist movement made its first venture into comprehensive urban planning, for which it engaged the British city planner Patrick Abercrombie.
The area stretching from the southeast corner of the bay up to Acre was divided into functional regions — an industrial zone in the south near the port; a residential area in the center in which from onward the Kerayot were built Kiryat Hayyim, Kiryat Bialik, Kiryat Motzkin, Kiryat Yam ; and an agricultural belt in the north.
Toward the end of the British Mandate, both the Jews and the Arabs attempted to gain control over the city. The hostilities which broke out at the end of reached a peak on April 21—22, , when the British suddenly decided to evacuate the city. In a lightning military action, the Haganah captured the Arab quarters and took over the city. Only about 3, of Haifa's 50, Arab residents chose to remain in the city; the rest, in response to the Arab High Command's orders, refused to accept Jewish rule and abandoned their homes.
At the end of there were , inhabitants; at the end of , ,; at the end of , ,; in , ,; and at the end of , , In the mids, the population was approximately ,, including 35, new immigrants. At the end of the population of was Haifa ,, making it the third largest city in Israel after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. The built-up area of Haifa continued to expand along the shore area and on the slopes and ridges of the Carmel.
The lower city whose former nucleus had been largely left in ruins in was rebuilt as the "City" — Haifa's main business section. The population density on Hadar ha-Carmel also a center for retail trade, services, and entertainment increased until residents started moving to the upper Carmel. Housing projects on a large scale were erected, including extensive suburbs such as Kiryat Eliezer on the coast and southern Romemah on a ridge of the Carmel.
In the s and s a number of changes were made in the functional arrangement of the city with Haifa and Acre being conceived as the axes of a comprehensive regional scheme. In the Haifa Bay area the industrial zone extended north along the coastal dune strip up to Acre and included "Steel City. On Mt. Carmel the crest and narrow spurs branching off to the west and east were reserved for building and parks and orchards fill the gorges. Downtown Haifa extended westward, spilling over southward into the Carmel Coast area.
After the establishment of the State of Israel, the port was greatly expanded and modernized and became the home port of Israel's fast-growing navy. The piers were tripled in number, the water level deepened, and many port facilities added, such as the Dagon storage silos with a 75, ton capacity.
In an auxiliary port was built at the Kishon River outlet, its pier was lengthened in to 2, ft. A shipyard for building and repairing ships, a floating dock, and a jetty for Israel's fishing fleet were also built in the Kishon area Haifa continued to be almost the exclusive embarkation and debarkation sea point in Israel. Haifa's industry continued expanding in this period, especially in the bay area. Two factories in Israel for the production and assembly of cars were set up there, as well as large chemical and petrochemical industries, an industrial and craft center, a plant for producing organic fertilizers from waste, a plant for purifying sewage water, and numerous other industrial enterprises.
Also located in Haifa are the national offices of the Israel Railways including their large workshops , the Israel Electric Company, Solel Boneh Israel's largest contracting company , Zim the largest shipping company , and others. Employment in the port area, which provided work for a tenth of the city's population, and in Haifa's varied industry, drew a very large labor force to the city, which is the best organized in the country.
From the s, the southern outskirts of the city began to be developed as an economic center for hi-tech companies, including branches of some the world's largest corporations, such as Intel, Microsoft, and Elbit an Israeli firm manufacturing weapons systems. Nearby there is a transportation center, including both a railroad station and main bus terminal.
From until his death in , the mayor of Haifa was Abba Khoushi , formerly the secretary of the Haifa labor council. He did much to develop and beautify the city. The Bahai sect, with its world center in Haifa, built a gold-domed sanctuary and cultivated one of the finest and largest gardens in the country.
In the Bahais begin to enlarge the gardens, added 18 hanging gardens running for a kilometer along the slopes of the mountain and thus linking the upper part of the mountain with the lower part. In addition, the Bahais built other buildings, among them a library and administrative building. Another unique feature of the city is the Carmelit, Israel's only subway, which was set up in The educational system has received particular attention.
Haifa University College see Haifa, University of was founded in by the municipality under the academic supervision of the Hebrew University. It was granted independent status and in it offered courses in the humanities and social sciences and had a department for training high school teachers.
In the college was transferred to the university campus designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer on the summit of the Carmel. For Palestinians, memory matters. It provides a blueprint for their future By George Bisharat. Foreign Policy The Palestinian-Israeli conflict for beginners. Looting Oral History. Conflict Satellite View. Zionist Quotes. Zionism District of Haifa Ethnically cleansed days ago. Gallery April 23rd, Elevation varied between 50 meters in the coastal area to meter on Mount Carmel.
Map of Haifa city Map of Haifa district and neighboring villages. On December 30th ,, a Zionist terrorist planted a bomb in the Arab neighborhood where Palestinian Arab workers from nearby Palestine Oil Refinery used to live.
Based on declassified Israeli documents, the Israeli historian Benny Morris concluded that the Jewish civilian population especially Haifa's Jewish mayor Shabtai Levy was at peace with their Palestinian neighbors, but the Haganah and the IZL leadership had a different agenda to ethnically cleanse the city from its Palestinian Arab population.
The mass majority of Haifa's Palestinian population, numbering at least 35,, were pushed into the sea. The city's name is derived from the Canaanite Arabic word al-Hayfah meaning nearby, and during the Roman period it was known by Efa.
Haifa's district covered an area of 1, District's population distribution. District's agricultural production. District's main wadies and rivers. This wadi carries rainwater East of the al-Tira and at that point it's known by Wadi al-Kasab, and at its termination point it's also known by Wadi al-Musrara. A small wadi that originates from Khirbat al-Damun , and it terminates nearby 'Atlit al-Shamlyah.
A winter wadi which originates from Dalyat al-Karmel, and passes through ' Ijzim , Jaba ', and Khirbat al-Shyahk, and it terminates between 'Atlit and al-Sarafand. It's also known by al-Timsah river, since crocodiles used to inhabit the river at its termination point. In , the city covered an area of 54, dunums, of which 5, for roads and railroads.
School Type. The government managed three schools: 1- Complete senior high school for boys, and in it had an enrollment of students and 21 instructors. Altogether, Haifa had 10 Islamic schools, which all had an enrollment of 1, boys and girls. Altogether, Haifa had 18 Christian schools including foreign schools , which all had an enrollment of 2, boys and 2, girls. The Government of Palestine owned and operated a hospital in the city which had a capacity of beds, and it accepted 6, patients in Palestine Oil Refinery located northeast which was founded in to refine the Iraqi oil, cement , cigarettes Qaraman, Deik, iw-Salti , publications Haifa had three Arabic newspapers , textiles, olive and grape presses, several grain mills, ice production, wood processing, soap, fishing mostly Arab owned , and industrial machinery for the railroads.
Haifa's airport was located north west of the city center. In , the Ottoman Turks were the first to invest and develop Haifa's port , and since then the city and its port have experienced a very rapid growth.
Comparison between Jaffa and Haifa ports. Quantity in Tons. Worth in Palestinian Pound. Add an article. Resort Pictures. Add a picture. Add Your Name. Delete Your Name. Mohammad Haifawi. Nabil Mir3i. Emad Ghaben. Johnny Mansour. Ahlam Serhan. Rabie Serhan. Waleed Al-Waisi Abuu- Faris. Mahmoud Ramzi. Ahmad Shamieh. Sparkling Star. Mohammad AbouYounes. Nasr Al-Bikawi. Ahmed Alokby. Mohammad AL Abtah. Richard Utaqi. Rana Abdel Razaq Al Yahya. Omar Sbeit. Bashir Shibly. Tarsheha Mansoura.
Hajier Hajier. Haifa City. Jamal Abdallah. Wissam El Sheikh Hassan. Zips Levey. Ayman Kallas. Abou Ghazaleh.
0コメント