The provisional government refused his offer and asked him to leave France. He retained nonetheless the importance of his popularity, which had allowed him to be elected without canvassing. The official proclamation took place ten days later. General Oudinot laid siege to Rome. The city capitulated on the 3rd of July. The president had some difficulty concerning acceptance of his new government. June : New struggle between Louis-Napoleon and the National Assembly over the revision of the constitution and the article forbidding the president to serve a second mandate.
Around people were killed, wounded. Executive power was confided to the president of the Republic elected by direct universal male suffrage for ten years. The president received the power to name and remove the members of his government as he sees fit. First assassination attempt against him at Marseille.
The Second Empire had begun. February-June : Exacerbation of the conflict between the Russian and Ottoman empires. The Crimea was soon to become a slaughterhouse. Arrested, he was executed on the 14 May. The adoption of the law was followed by a series of arrests across France.
They studied the establishment of an alliance against Austria and the redistribution of some of her territories: Nice and the county of Savoy would thus be handed to France. The Italian states would be united in a Confederation under the authority of the Pope. Nothing was said about the possibility of a Confederation of Italian states or of its organisation. Napoleon III decided to intervene, by virtue of the treaty signed on the 28 January.
Piedmont interceded in Umbria. The Mexican government having suspended payment. France sent an expeditionary force to Mexico in January The treaty of Hue was signed on the 5th of June. March: Reinforcements sent to Mexico. Increase in activity of opponents of the regime. Emperor of the French from to After a turbulent youth and several attempts to seize power during the July Monarchy , he was elected President of the French Second Republic in Key figures of the 19th century.
Charles X King during the Restoration. Video Once upon a time Versailles Discover the history of the Palace of Versailles and its characters in this illustrated video for young and old alike! All the news. Make an online donation Take part in the history of the palace of Versailles by supporting a project that suits you: adopt a linden tree, contribute to the missions of the Palace or participate in the refurnishing of the royal apartments.
I support Versailles. The official Palace of Versailles app. More information. Among other things, he championed Romanian nationalism, gaining autonomy for Moldavia and Walachia and later aiding those provinces to achieve unification. Napoleon III's second war was fought in for the Italian nationalist cause.
He envisaged the creation of a federation of four states under the presidency of the pope. Although French battles against Austria were successful, Napoleon III was unable to control the Italian nationalist movement, was threatened on the Rhine by Prussia, and lost support from proclerical elements in France, who saw Italian unification as a threat to the papacy.
Although he had not fully honored his commitment, Napoleon III later received Nice and Savoy, and this brought an end to the British alliance that had been a cornerstone of his early diplomacy. Mexican resistance proved stronger than expected; the United States concluded its Civil War and exerted pressure; and Napoleon III withdrew his forces in This fiasco provoked powerful criticism in France, which was intensified by the subsequent execution of Maximilian in Mexico.
Meanwhile, the Emperor had also failed in his attempt to gain compensation for France in the Austro-Prussian War of Growing opposition after encouraged Napoleon III to make concessions to liberalism. In he gave the legislature additional freedom and authority, and in he granted freedom of press and assembly. The elections of , fought with virulence, brought more than 3 million votes for opposition deputies. After further turbulence following a Bonaparte scandal, the Emperor resorted to plebiscite, and on May 8, , more than 7,, Frenchmen voted to accept all liberal reforms introduced by Napoleon III since In , when the Spanish invited Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to become their king, French protests induced Prussia's William I to have the candidacy withdrawn.
The ambassador to Prussia was then instructed to demand a Prussian promise that no Hohenzollern would ever become king of Spain. William's refusal to consider this enabled Otto von Bismarck to provoke war by publishing William's dispatch from Ems in slightly altered form, making it appear that insults had been exchanged. France declared war on July 19, , and Napoleon III took command of his troops although he was so ill from bladder stones, which had long troubled him, that he could scarcely ride his horse.
Two days later the Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris. He still hoped to regain the throne for his son, but he died on Jan. His son was killed in South Africa in while serving in the British army. Simpson: The Rise of Louis Napoleon ; new ed. An up-to-date one-volume biography that presents a balanced interpretation is James M.
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