The reason for why the complementizer that cannot be used in nonrestrictive relative clauses is that it does not occur in coordinate conjoined structures. This is not the case in restrictive relative clauses. In the end let us contrast relative clauses to appositives: An appositive is a construction that immediately follows an NP and refers to it.
Here are two examples:. Indiana Jones, a famous adventure film series, was directed by George Lucas und Steven Spielberg in the s. Indiana Jones, which is a famous adventure film series, was directed by George Lucas und Steven Spielberg in the s.
An appositive is shorter than a relative clauses. It seems to be a derived relative clause because the wh -word and the verb be are deleted. Most appositives are derived from nonrestrictive relative clauses but there are also restrictive appositives:. The NP Madonna has more than one referent. Therefore, the interpretation for the appositive NPs which follow can be restictive.
An NP which is necessarily unique, like my father , can be modified only by a nonrestrictive appositive:. Complement Clauses Restrictive vs. Our dog, Rusty , is only two years old. He read a story about Thomas Edison, the great American inventor. Gulati, the man who won the race , is from India. The beast, a huge lion that looked ferocious , attacked him. Appositives are usually separated by the rest of the sentence by commas, brackets or dashes if the information contained in the appositive is not essential to identify the noun.
If the appositive contains essential information, it should not be separated by commas. Bandit, the adorable Siberian Husky , loves water. An adjective clause is a dependent clause that acts as an adjective.
The adjective clause can modify or describe the noun or pronoun. Adjective clauses are also known as relative clauses. That is, that does not substitute in any way for the noun proof. Contrast: In the proof that the scientist provided, the scientist provided "that", namely, provided the proof.
In the proof that they are spies, we can't say, they are spies "that", namely, they are spies proof. We need to distinguish appositive that -clauses from relative clauses which begin with the relative pronoun 'that' Ex 1.
The story that she killed her brother is not true. The story that she told her brother is not true. They are not appositive - only NPs can be appositive, never clauses. Secondly, we don't call them 'that-clauses' because it would be perverse to name a clause constituent after the one word that is freely omissible in such constructions. From Adjective Clauses to Appositives Like an adjective clause, an appositive provides more information about a noun.
In fact, we may think of an appositive as a simplified adjective clause. Consider, for example, how the following two sentences can be combined:. One way to combine these sentences is to turn the first sentence into an adjective clause: Jimbo Gold, who is a professional magician, performed at my sister's birthday party.
We also have the option of reducing the adjective clause in this sentence to an appositive. All that we need to do is omit the pronoun who and the verb is: Jimbo Gold, a professional magician, performed at my sister's birthday party.
The appositive a professional magician serves to identify the subject, Jimbo Gold. Reducing an adjective clause to an appositive is one way to cut the clutter in our writing. However, not all adjective clauses can be shortened to appositives in this fashion--only those that contain a form of the verb to be is, are, was, were. Arranging Appositives An appositive most often appears directly after the noun it identifies or renames: Arizona Bill, "The Great Benefactor of Mankind," toured Oklahoma with herbal cures and a powerful liniment.
Note that this appositive, like most, could be omitted without changing the basic meaning of the sentence. In other words, it's nonrestrictive and needs to be set off with a pair of commas. Occasionally, an appositive may appear in front of a word that it identifies: A dark wedge, the eagle hurtled earthward at nearly miles per hour. An appositive at the beginning of a sentence is usually followed by a comma.
In each of the examples seen so far, the appositive has referred to the subject of the sentence. However, an appositive may appear before or after any noun in a sentence. In the following example, the appositive refers to roles, the object of a preposition:.
People are summed up largely by the roles they fill in society--wife or husband, soldier or salesperson, student or scientist--and by the qualities that others ascribe to them.
This sentence demonstrates a different way of punctuating appositives--with dashes. When the appositive itself contains commas, setting off the construction with dashes helps to prevent confusion.
Using dashes instead of commas also serves to emphasize the appositive. Placing an appositive at the very end of a sentence is another way to give it special emphasis. Other examples could be : My best friend , a good tennis player in his own right, won many prizes. My best friend, who is a good tennis player in his own right, won many prizes. My brother, a teacher in Boston, is moving to New Jersey. My brother, who is a teacher in Boston, is moving to New Jersey.
Improve this question. Community Bot 1. Mrt Mrt 1, 9 9 gold badges 34 34 silver badges 59 59 bronze badges. Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. Appositive phrases are usually considered to be the remains of nonrestrictive relative clauses after Whiz -deletion. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. Compare: Jupiter, which revolves around the Sun once every
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