Relatively little information is available regarding human 2C-E metabolism. Nevertheless, research has suggested that it follows similar metabolic pathways to 2C-Bwhich are carried out by O-demethylation and N-acetylation Theobald et al. With respect to epidemiological data on 2C consumption, the information available from web-based questionnaires and population-based surveys is particularly infrequent.
In a self selected sample from the Global Drug Survey 1 , including 2, participants in the United States, reporting attendance to nightclubs in the previous year, Among the psychedelic phenethylamines, consumption of 2C-compounds was the most commonly reported In a survey done in Spain among research chemical users a Of these, In recent years, 2C-E recreational users have reported its effects as being a combination of hallucinogenic and stimulating ones, like those of ecstasy and LSD.
Like other psychedelics drugs and 2C compounds, 2C-E at low doses usually produces stimulant effects and increased auditory, visual and tactile sensations. At moderate doses it leads to mild hallucinations, and at high ones can cause the user to experience unpleasant hallucinations and sympathomimetic effects.
An average dose of 2C-E ranges from 10 to 20 mg medium dose 15—25 mg, high dose 25—40 mg although exceptionally elevated doses up to mg have been reported Dean et al. As with most psychedelics, the effects of 2C-E are long-acting, lasting typically for 6—12 h, depending on the dose and individual. To date, a dozen cases of acute intoxication tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, delirium, and hallucinations have been reported Van Vrancken et al.
Alarmingly, no human research has been conducted with 2C-E in spite of the relatively long history of its recreational use and the recent resurgence of interest in psychedelic drugs. The aim of our study was to evaluate the pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics of 2C-E in recreational users.
Ten healthy subjects were selected 4 females and 6 males. Volunteers were recreative drug users who had experienced a 2C-series compound at least once in a lifetime. Exclusion criteria were a history of any serious medical or psychopathological disorder including substance use disorder except nicotine , a previous serious adverse reaction with 2C-series, and chronic medicines use.
Participants were recruited by word-of-mouth and snowball sampling through the harm reduction, non-governmental organization, Energy Control ABD. It was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki recommendations.
All the participants were correctly and fully informed, both orally and in writing, of the purpose, methods and means of the study. All of them indicated their agreement to participate and signed an informed consent prior inclusion. Participants received monetary compensation for their participation. The design was a non-controlled prospective observational study with minimal intervention in subjects who self-administrated 2C-E orally.
Most evaluations and procedures were similar to a previous naturalistic observational study evaluating acute effects of 2C-B Papaseit et al. Each participant participated in one session.
Treatment consisted of oral self-administration of one 2C-E capsule, that they brought to the testing site themselves, which they had obtained from an unknown source.
The method used permits to check for most common drugs of abuse including most of the NPSs and to know the exact purity of 2C-E in the powder to prepare dosing by a precision scale Papaseit et al. The dose of 2C-E self-administrated was selected by the participants based presumably on their previous experience.
The mean 2C-E dose was In order to standardize dosing for statistical analysis and to evaluate dose-response relationship, we grouped doses in two intervals: 6.
All the selected doses were well tolerated. Prior to study session, the participants were submitted to a general medical examination and a psychiatric diagnostic examination. They received training with respect to questionnaires and procedures employed in the study. Upon arrival, they were questioned about any event that could affect their participation.
They were asked to refrain from any drug use 2 days prior to the session. Participants were not allowed to consume alcohol or beverages containing caffeine the previous 24 h. Sessions took place on two different days 5 participants each day and administration were separated by various minutes among participants at a private club with ambient music and participants could talk, read, or play table games during the session and interact in exception to the evaluation times.
Also, they were instructed not to talk about the effects of the substance during the session. Assessments were performed by at baseline pre-dose and 2, 4, and 6 h after 2C-E self-administration. The experiment was conducted from to h. Urine spot samples were collected prior administration to exclude prior substance drug use benzodiazepines, barbiturates, morphine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, MDMA, marijuana, phencyclidine with Instant-View, Multipanel 10 Test Drug Screen Alfa Scientific Designs Inc.
Self-administration of 2C-E took place around The sequence of procedures at each time point of the session was: physiological measures, oral fluid collection, and subjective effects questionnaires. A psychiatry was present during the entire session. Adverse effects were assessed during study session. Oral temperature was measured simultaneously.
Subjective effects of 2C-E were reported at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 h after self-administration. The ARCI item short form is a validated instrument that includes five subscales related to drug sedation pentobarbital-chlorpromazine-alcohol group, PCAG , euphoria morphine-benzedrine group, MBG , dysphoria and somatic symptoms lysergic acid diethylamide group, LSD , intellectual efficiency and energy benzedrine group, BG and d-amphetamine-like effects A Lamas et al.
Maximum effects E max were determined and the area under the curve of the effects AUC 0 — 6 h were calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Although it is remarkably that the participant that selected the lowest dose 6.
When the dose factor was statistically significant, a post hoc analysis for the two defined groups were done using a Student T -test lower dose group: 6. To evaluate the effects along time and to study the effects of the substance in comparison to baseline, a one-way repeated measures ANOVA, with time as factor baseline, 2, 4, and 6 h , was done to evaluate the time-course of effects for all doses.
When the time condition was statistically significant, a Dunnett multiple comparison post hoc test was conducted to compare the different time points with baseline 0—2 h, 0—4 h, 0—6 h. All ten selected subjects participated in the study 4 females and 6 males. The mean weight-adjusted dose of 2C-E was 0. Seven of them were current tobacco smokers range 0. All drugs of abuse urine tests were negative at baseline.
As explained in the statistical analysis for dose-response analysis we grouped doses in two groups 6. Supplementary Figures S1 — S3 presented individual data in order to show the elevated variability of the acute effects and concentrations.
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. For HR significant differences were detected in the comparison of baseline and 4 hand 6 h after administration. Regarding T, only statistically significant differences were detected at 2 and 4 h. No dose-response relationship was observed. Table 1. Summary of result on the physiological effects observed after self-administration of 2C-E.
Some effects were related to dose, as higher doses produced more intense effects. The substance produced more intensity of effects in comparison to baseline for most variables. Table 2. Summary of result on the subjective effects and saliva concentrations observed after self-administration of 2C-E.
No dose-response was observed when comparing both groups of doses. In relation to ARCI questionnaire, significant increases in the scores of all subscales were detected, however, differences in dose were not statistically significant.
Similarly, differences from baseline were observed for all subscales at different times. No dose-response was observed. With respect to the VESSPA, significant changes were shown in Sedation, Change in perception and Psychotic symptoms, with significant differences from baseline in all except Psychotic symptoms.
Dose-response relationship were detected for Changes in Perception and Psychotic symptoms. Most of the effects dissipated after 6 h, and all subjects returned to their usual routine. Two of them presented residual mild visual hallucinations lights at 6 h which disappeared 1—2 h later. CAS Number Product Format Single Solution. Product Categories Cerilliant. Pack Size: 1 mL. Stock expected Estimated dispatch Not currently in stock but good availability. Exact Weight Packaging Please select if you require our precision weighing and packaging service.
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